7.Constitution of Noh #2

The next of "Shitekata" and "Wakikata ", introduce "Hayashikata".

 

In Noh, it is “Hayashikata" to be in charge of the music of the chanting of a Noh text. “Hayashikata” consists of four kinds of musical instruments, for example, a flute (“Nohkan”), a small hand drum, a hand-drum (“Odutumi”) and a drum. These are called “Yon Byoshi” (it means Four beats). The performance plays a position by one. Players cannot play other one's charge. Each musical instrument is divided into each specialty, and traditional technic is inherited and succeeds to a high technique and style. By the performance, a drum takes the lead of the time. However, the performance that a drum is not contained in, a hand-drum leads a small hand drum. Not only percussionist play a musical instrument, but also they shout, for example, "yo-i", "ya", "ha" and "iyaa". At the time of the presentation of the Noh, the charge of each musical instrument sits in "Hayashiza" of the stage rear one by one and plays percussionist.

 

O.K. then, move to the introduction of each musical instrument. At first, about a flute.

 

 

A flute used with Noh is called a Noh pipe and made of the bamboo. Though it is the only melody musical instrument, in “Yon byoshi”, it mainly play rhythm than a melody in the Noh. The technic of such a flute is a characteristic of the “Hayashikata” of the Noh. Because percussionist do not make much of a melody, the Noh pipe is different in the position of length and the hole in each one. Because it is not tuned, pitch and musical scales are different. Styles that exist now are “Morita style” and “Fujita style”.

 

The next about a small hand drum.

 

 

This is so-called "Tutumi" and controls time. Because moisture is indispensable to leather, for the beautiful tone, percussionist breathe during a performance and soak saliva. The small hand drum is a musical instrument needing the attention consistently.

 

The next is about a hand-drum “Odutumi”.


 

 “Odutumi” is a hand drum of the closing a bargain to control time. The sound of “Odutumi” is fixed at the strength and weakness when beat and whether control leather after having beaten. Hand-drum is hit with the finger of the right hand putting the left knee. It is necessary to dry leather to make a firm sound and roasts it by a charcoal fire before a performance for approximately one hour. “Kazurano style”, “Takayasu style”, “Okura style”, “Ishii style” and “Kanze style” are exist now.

 

 

References

http://www.the-noh.com/jp/

Breaking News: South Africa's Nelson Mandela dies in Johannesburg

Nelson Mandela died at 95 years old.  He instructed an apartheid abolition campaign as the South African first black president and won Nobel Peace prize. It was this month 5. After his spending three months at a hospital, and having left the hospital in November of this year, he received concentrated treatment because of lung infections at home. The person given Nobel Peace prize honor was one of a politician respected most in the world that preached a settlement of black with a white in spite of having been shut in in the prison by white for 27 years.

 

Nelson Mandela was born in South Africa as a child of the chief of the people of Tenbu on July 18, 1918. He entered the law department in Witwatersrand University. He worked on an anti- apartheid campaign while he was in the university attendance at school and joined African National Congress (ANC ) in 1944 at school. After he was graduated, he founded a young man alliance and took office as the young man alliance member of the executive committee and worked on an anti- apartheid campaign. In 1,950 years, he took office as the ANC young man alliance chairperson. He was contained in the prison for 27 years in 1964 by imprisonment for life of the national treason. He abolished a law about the apartheid by talks with the political power of white after he was released in 1990 and played an active part as a leader of the African National Congress (ANC ). In 93, those activity was accepted and won Nobel Peace prize.

 

Nelson Mandela attended at various activity energetically after a retirement. He made a speech for the first time in United Nations Security Council on January 19, 2000. However, prostate cancer was detected in July, 2001 and received 7-week radiation therapy and disappeared from the public place at one time. And he sent a video message to the opening ceremony of FIFA World Cup South Africa meeting held on June 11, 2010. In addition, he attend at a closing ceremony. He do not appear in the public place after this time. And his physical condition let aggravation, an infectious disease recur from June, 2013 and took the rehospitalization from June 8. He left the hospital and underwent medical treatment at home afterwards.

 

 

 

 

(Nelson Mandela  Source:http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%A9)

 

His activity is considered to be a symbol of all ethnic harmony. And those activity is shown as "A nameless prison guard of Mandela" of 2007 and "Invictus" of 2009. His activity will be handed down forever from now on.

 

 

References

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25249520

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%A9

6.Constitution of Noh

The Noh is a drama made from complete division of labor. The duty consists of three roles “Shitekata”, “Wakikata” and “Kyogenkata” in charge of the chanting of a Noh text and performance. The “Hayashikata” in charge of the accompaniment is comprised of four positions of flute, small hand drums, hand-drums and drums. And each position is divided into some styles.

("Shitekata" http://www.bunka.go.jp/1hogo/shoukai/geinou/site.html ) 

 

Until the Edo era, “Wakikata”, “Hayashikata” and “Kyogenkata” called “the three key posts”, and the school of “Shitekata” came to have contracted the three key posts. However, the organization collapsed by the Meiji Restoration. When it is now, 24 styles is included in seven positions.

 

These styles are different in a literature, sing and conduct. In addition, Beating time with hands and the technic of the musical accompaniment are different every each style in a musical accompaniment. The combined team of the different styles is not made basically. However, the combination of styles while the position becomes free now.

 

“Shitekata” is the leading role of the Noh, and a child's play, the chorus are the role of “Shitekata”, too. In addition, waiting in the hinder part of the stage and carry some things such as small tools and repairing disorder of the attire is important work of “Shitekata”. The role of “Shitekata” is very extensive. Therefore, the number of people increases predominantly in comparison with “Wakikata”, “Kyogenkata” and “Hayashikata”.

 ("Wakikata"http://www.ntj.jac.go.jp/topics/nou/25/2949.html )

It is the duty that "Wakikata" becomes independent from “Shitekata” in the Muromachi era, and established a specialized field. It has been succeeded as speciality. After the long times, it become independent now in every style. There are “Takayasu-style”, “Hukuo-style”, and “Shimokakehosyo-style”. “Wakikata” has some rules. At first, “Wakikata” is the co-star of “Shitekata” who is the leading role. And it is almost a trouser part and must not attaches the mask. While the Noh is a masque, “Wakikata” who is an important actor of the stage who is fixed that “Wakikata” rather do not hang a mask. This is because “Wakikata” is drawn as a living person practically. It is a person standing opposite to a protagonist and, so to speak, takes a role to stand on the side same as the audience. The program of Noh expresses a great variety of views of the world. “Shitekata” sometimes appears as the existence in the impractical dream and illusion. And sometimes act with great tact as a real human being intensely. In this way, by the difference in role of “Shitekata”, the stage of the Noh changes variously. The reason why it is established as a series of stage dramas is that “Wakikata” helps to share the world between made on the stage and audience.

 

 

References

http://www.ntj.jac.go.jp/topics/nou/25/2949.html

 http://www.bunka.go.jp/1hogo/shoukai/geinou/site.html

http://www.the-noh.com/jp/sekai/shite.html